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Sara Josephine Baker
Sara Josephine Baker (November 15, 1873 – February 22, 1945) was an American physician notable for making contributions to public health, especially in the immigrant communities of New York City. Her fight against the damage that widespread urban poverty and ignorance caused to children, especially newborns, is perhaps her most lasting legacy. In 1917, she noted that babies born in the United States faced a higher mortality rate than soldiers fighting in World War I, drawing a great deal of attention to her cause.〔R. Morantz-Sanchez, "Sara Josephine Baker", ''American National Biography''. Vol. 2. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) 32–34.〕 She also is known for (twice) tracking down Mary Mallon, the infamous index case known as Typhoid Mary.
== Early life ==
Baker was born in Poughkeepsie, New York in 1873 to a wealthy Quaker family. At the age of 16, Baker decided on a career in medicine. After her father and brother died of typhoid, Baker felt pressure to support the family financially.〔"Sara Josephine Baker." ''Notable Scientists: From 1900 to the Present''. Online. Gale Group, 2008.〕 A career in medicine seemed like a good solution to their troubles.〔Baker, Sara Josephine. ''Fighting for Life.''1939.〕 After studying chemistry and biology at home, she enrolled in the New York Infirmary Medical College, a medical school for women, founded by the sisters and physicians Elizabeth Blackwell and Emily Blackwell.〔"Sara Josephine Baker." ''World of Health''. Thomson Gale, 2006.〕 Upon graduating in 1898, Baker began a year-long internship at the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston. She began practicing as a private physician in New York City following her internship.〔 Parry, Manon S. "Sara Josephine Baker (1873–1945)." ''American Journal of Public Health''. 2006, Apr. 2006. Web.〕 In 1901, Baker passed the civil service exam and qualified to be a medical inspector at the Department of Health.
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